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<title>Dietrich von Choltitz</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dietrich von Choltitz</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Choltitz" redirects here. For market town in the Czech Republic, see <a href="Choltice" title="Choltice">Choltice</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><i><b><a href="General_of_the_Infantry_(Germany)" title="General of the Infantry (Germany)">General der Infanterie</a></b></i></div><br><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Dietrich von Choltitz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Choltitz in 1940</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Dietrich Hugo Hermann</li><li>von Choltitz</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Saviour of Paris"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1894-11-09</span>)</span>9 November 1894<br><a href="%C5%81%C4%85ka_Prudnicka" title="Łąka Prudnicka">Gräflich Wiese</a>, <a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 November 1966<span style="display:none">(1966-11-05)</span> (aged 71)<br><a href="Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> (present-day <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Baden-Baden cemetery</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">

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<ul><li><a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="treeview">

<ul><li><a href="Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a>

<ul><li><a href="Royal_Saxon_Army" title="Royal Saxon Army">Royal Saxon Army</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i></li>

<li><a href="German_Army_(1935-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (1935-1945)">German Army</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1907–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="General_of_the_Infantry_(Germany)#Former_rank_in_the_German_ground_forces" title="General of the Infantry (Germany)">General der Infanterie</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="LXXVI_Panzer_Corps" title="LXXVI Panzer Corps">LXXVI Panzer Corps</a></li><li><a href="11th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">11th Panzer Division</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

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</style><span class="nobold">List of battles:</span></div></div>

<hr><a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><div class="treeview">

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="Western_Front_(WWI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Front (WWI)">Western Front</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div>

<hr><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><div class="treeview">

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Battle of Rotterdam</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Battle of Anzio</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Battle of Normandy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><span class="nobold">List of awards:</span></div></div>

<ul><li><a href="Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>1st Class (2)</dd>

<dd>2nd Class (2)</dd>

<dd><a href="Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="German_Cross" title="German Cross">German Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Honour_Cross_of_the_World_War_1914/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918">Honour Cross of the World War</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_Order_of_St._Henry" title="Military Order of St. Henry">Order of St. Henry</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Order of the Star of Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge">Wound Badge</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Silver</dd>

<ul><li><a href="Infantry_Assault_Badge" title="Infantry Assault Badge">Infantry Assault Badge</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Order" title="Albert Order">Albert Order</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Order_of_Saxony" title="Civil Order of Saxony">Civil Order of Saxony</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Order of Michael the Brave">Order of Michael the Brave</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudetenland_Medal" title="Sudetenland Medal">Sudetenland Medal</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimea_Shield" title="Crimea Shield">Crimea Shield</a></li></ul>

</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Huberta von Garnier</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">

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</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="20 August 1929">1929</span>)<wbr></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li>Maria Angelika von Choltitz (born 1930)</li>

<li>Anna Barbara von Choltitz (born 1936)</li>

<li>Timo von Choltitz (born 1944)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Dietrich Hugo Hermann von Choltitz</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa">[ˈdiːtʁɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>fɔn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɔltɪts]</span>; 9 November 1894 – 5 November 1966) was a German general. Sometimes referred to as the <b>Saviour of Paris</b>, he served in the <a href="Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> (armed forces) of <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, as well as serving in the <a href="Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> of the <a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, and the <a href="Royal_Saxon_Army" title="Royal Saxon Army">Royal Saxon Army</a> during <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.

</p><p>Born into an aristocratic <a href="Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> family with a long history of military service, Choltitz joined the army at a young age and saw service on the <a href="Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> during the First World War (1914–1918). He rose to the rank of <i><a href="Leutnant" title="Leutnant">Leutnant</a></i> by the end of the war and was active in the <a href="Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> helping Germany rebuild its armed forces. In September 1939, during the <a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> at the beginning of World War II, he was serving in <a href="Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a>'s <a href="Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a>. In May 1940, Choltitz participated in the <a href="Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Battle of Rotterdam</a>, making an air landing and seizing some of the city's key bridges.

</p><p>Choltitz is chiefly remembered for his role as the last commander of <a href="Paris_in_World_War_II" title="Paris in World War II">Nazi-occupied Paris</a> in 1944, when he allegedly disobeyed <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s orders to destroy the city, and instead surrendered it to <a href="Free_France" title="Free France">Free French forces</a> when they entered the city on 25 August. Choltitz later asserted that his defiance of Hitler's direct order stemmed from its obvious military futility, his affection for the French capital's history and culture, and his belief that Hitler had by then become insane. Other sources suggest that he had little control of the city thanks to the operations of the <a href="French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, and could not have carried out such orders anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div>

<p>Dietrich Hugo Hermann von Choltitz was born on 9 November 1894, in his family's castle in Gräflich Wiese (now <a href="%C5%81%C4%85ka_Prudnicka" title="Łąka Prudnicka">Łąka Prudnicka</a>, <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>) in the <a href="Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">province of Silesia</a>, 2 kilometres (1 mi) from Neustadt (now <a href="Prudnik" title="Prudnik">Prudnik</a>), in the <a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, then part of the <a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. He was a son of Hans von Choltitz (1865–1935), who was a <a href="Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> of the <a href="Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>, and his German wife Gertrud von Rosenberg. He had two brothers named Hans and Job.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came from a <a href="Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a>-<a href="Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesian</a> <a href="Nobility" title="Nobility">noble family</a> of Sedlnitzky von Choltitz (<a href="Odrow%C4%85%C5%BC_coat_of_arms" title="Odrowąż coat of arms">Odrowąż coat of arms</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His uncle Hermann von Choltitz was a governor of Landkreis Neustadt O.S. from 1907 to 1920. His family owned a forest between <a href="Prudnik" title="Prudnik">Prudnik</a> and <a href="Niemys%C5%82owice" title="Niemysłowice">Niemysłowice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1907 Dietrich von Choltitz enrolled in the <a href="Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> <a href="Cadet_Corps" title="Cadet Corps">Cadet School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2></div>

<p>He joined the <a href="24th_Division_(German_Empire)" title="24th Division (German Empire)">8. Infanterie-Regiment Prinz Johann Georg Nr. 107</a> of the <a href="Royal_Saxon_Army#German_Empire" title="Royal Saxon Army">Royal Saxon Army</a> as a <i><a href="F%C3%A4hnrich" title="Fähnrich">Fähnrich</a></i> (officer candidate) just months before the <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> broke out. His unit served on the <a href="Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, where he fought in the <a href="First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a>, the <a href="First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a>, the <a href="Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, and the <a href="Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1914)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1914)">Battle of St. Quentin (1914)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to <i><a href="Leutnant" title="Leutnant">Leutnant</a></i> and became <a href="Adjutant" title="Adjutant">adjutant</a> of the regiment's third Battalion within a year of joining.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</h2></div>

<p>After World War I he returned to Prudnik, where on 20 August 1929 he married Huberta (1902–2001), the daughter of General of the Cavalry <a href="Otto_von_Garnier" title="Otto von Garnier">Otto von Garnier</a>. The couple had two daughters, Maria Angelika (1930–2016)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Anna Barbara (born 1936), and a son, Timo (born 1944). He was transferred to the riding school in <a href="Soltau" title="Soltau">Soltau</a>, as a rider he successfully participated in domestic and international riding competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He remained in the <i><a href="Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i> during the <a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, becoming a <a href="Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> <a href="Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captain</a> in 1929. Promoted to <a href="Major_(Germany)" title="Major (Germany)">major</a> in 1937, he was made commander of third battalion, <i>Infanterie-Regiment 16 "Oldenburg"</i>, a part of <a href="22nd_Air_Landing_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Air Landing Division (Wehrmacht)">22. Luftlande-Division</a>. In 1938 he was promoted again, this time to <i><a href="Oberstleutnant" title="Oberstleutnant">Oberstleutnant</a></i> (lieutenant-colonel) .

</p><p>He participated in the <a href="German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">occupation of Sudetenland</a> in 1938.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Poland">Invasion of Poland</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></div>

<p>On 18 August 1939, in preparation for <a href="Fall_Weiss_(1939)" title="Fall Weiss (1939)"><i>Fall Weiss</i></a> (Case White) – the German <a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> – Choltitz was appointed the commander of the 16th Air Landing Regiment in Sagan (now <a href="%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Żagań">Żagań</a>, Poland).

</p><p>After the <a href="Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1939)" title="Battle of Łódź (1939)">Battle of Łódź</a>, on 12 September 1939 his regiment was transported to the airport in <a href="%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> by the transport aircraft <a href="Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a>.

</p><p>On 15 September, the regiment was temporarily assigned to the <a href="10th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="10th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">10th Infantry Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It participated in the <a href="Battle_of_the_Bzura" title="Battle of the Bzura">Battle of the Bzura</a>, during which Choltitz was wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 September, he captured 3,000 Polish soldiers and a large amount of military equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</h3></div>

<p>In May 1940, Choltitz participated in the <a href="Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Battle of Rotterdam</a>, making an air landing and seizing some of the city's key bridges. As commander of the 3rd Battalion of the 16th Air Landing Regiment, he began to organize his troops after landing them at Waalhaven Air Force Base. He sent them to the bridges in Rotterdam. The Dutch had not stationed many soldiers in the southern part of the city. One unit was made up of butchers and bakers and about 90 infantrymen, the latter being reinforced by riflemen who had withdrawn from the airfield. The Dutch troops hid in houses that were on the route to the bridges. There they ambushed the approaching German troops. Both sides suffered casualties. The Germans managed to bring up a PaK <a href="Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank gun</a>. The Dutch had to yield under the ever-increasing pressure. The German force then moved on to the bridges, quickly followed by the bulk of 9th Company of the 16th Air Landing Regiment.

</p><p>Meanwhile, the staff of 3rd Battalion of the 16th Air Landing Regiment had run into the Dutch in the square. <i>Oberstleutnant</i> von Choltitz′s adjutant took charge of an assault on the Dutch position but was mortally wounded in the process. When the Germans looked for another route to the bridges to bypass the Dutch stronghold, they managed to find a wedge that advancing troops had created along the quays. It was at about 09:00 when the bulk of the 3rd Battalion made contact with the defenders of the bridges.

</p><p>Although the Dutch did not regain control of the city, the Germans were suffering from continuous assaults on their positions. Casualties mounted up on both sides and the German command grew increasingly worried over the status of their 500 men in the heart of Rotterdam. <i>Oberstleutnant</i> von Choltitz was allowed by <i><a href="Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a></i> <a href="Kurt_Student" title="Kurt Student">Kurt Student</a> to withdraw his men from the northern pocket should he consider the operational situation required it.

</p><p>When Captain Backer was being escorted back by <i>Oberstleutnant</i> von Choltitz to the Maas bridges, German bombers appeared from the south. General Schmidt, who was joined by the two Generals, <a href="Alfred_Ritter_von_Hubicki" title="Alfred Ritter von Hubicki">Hubicki</a> and Student, saw the planes and cried out "My God, this is going to be a catastrophe!" Panic struck German soldiers on the Noordereiland, most of whom were totally unaware of the events being played out between the commanders on both sides. They feared being attacked by their own bombers. Choltitz ordered red flares to be launched, and when the first three bombers overhead dropped their bombs the red flares were obscured by smoke. The next 24 bombers of the southern formation closed their bomb hatches and turned westwards.

</p><p>After the <a href="Rotterdam_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blitz">bombardment of Rotterdam</a>, during a meeting with the Dutch discussing the terms of surrender of all Dutch forces in Rotterdam, <i>Generalleutnant</i> Kurt Student was injured by a gunshot to the head. Student was very popular with his troops, and when the German forces moved to execute surrendering Dutch officers in reprisal Choltitz intervened and was able to prevent the massacre. His actions during the assault on Rotterdam earned him the <a href="Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a>. In September of the same year, he was given command of the regiment, and the following spring was promoted to <a href="Oberst" title="Oberst">Oberst</a> (colonel).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union_1941–1943">Soviet Union 1941–1943</h3></div>

<p>At the start of <a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, Choltitz's regiment was based in Romania, advancing as part of <a href="Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a> into Ukraine. His route led through <a href="Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, he crossed the <a href="Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river on 30 August 1941, and at the end of October he fought his way to the <a href="Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As part of <a href="Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a>'s 11th Army, the regiment fought in the <a href="Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">siege of Sevastopol</a>. The siege was bloody for Choltitz's regiment, which was reduced in numbers from 4,800 men to just 349.

</p><p>During the harsh winter at the turn of 1941 and 1942, Choltitz struggled with <a href="Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart problems</a> and also began to show symptoms of <a href="Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoted to <i><a href="Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a></i> soon after, he was made acting commander of 260th Infantry division in 1942. He was then promoted to <i><a href="Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a></i> the following year and given command of <a href="11th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">11th Panzer Division</a>, which he led during the <a href="Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_front_1944">Western front 1944</h3></div>

<p>In March 1944, Choltitz was transferred to the <a href="Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian theatre of operations</a>, where he was made deputy commander of <a href="LXXVI_Panzer_Corps" title="LXXVI Panzer Corps">LXXVI Panzer Corps</a> and participated in the <a href="Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Battle of Anzio</a> and <a href="Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>. Transferred to the <a href="Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> in June 1944, he took command of LXXXIV Army Corps, which he commanded against the <a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Allied breakout from Normandy</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_Governor_of_Paris">Military Governor of Paris</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Liberation_of_Paris#German_surrender_(25_August)" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris § German surrender (25 August)</a></div>

<p>On 1 August 1944, Choltitz was promoted to <a href="General_of_the_Infantry_(Germany)" title="General of the Infantry (Germany)"><i>General der Infanterie</i></a>, and on 7 August was appointed the <a href="Wehrmachtbefehlshaber" title="Wehrmachtbefehlshaber">military governor</a> of Paris, making him "commander of a besieged stronghold". Arriving on 8 August, he set up headquarters in the <a href="Le_Meurice" title="Le Meurice">Hotel Meurice</a> on the Rue De Rivoli, and found few resources at his disposal, and only 20,000 troops, mostly unmotivated conscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 15 August 1944, the Paris police went on strike, followed on 19 August by a general insurrection led by the <a href="French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-news.google.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.google.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German garrison under Choltitz fought back but was far too small to quell the uprising, and they lost control of many public buildings, many roads were blocked, and German vehicles and communications were damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of the Swedish consul-general in Paris, <a href="Raoul_Nordling" title="Raoul Nordling">Raoul Nordling</a>, a ceasefire was brokered with the insurgents on 20 August, but many <a href="French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">Resistance</a> groups did not accept it, and a series of skirmishes continued on the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 23 August, Hitler gave the order to destroy the city by cable: "<i>Paris must not pass into the enemy's hands, except as a field of ruins</i>." ("<i>Paris darf nicht oder nur als Trümmerfeld in die Hand des Feindes fallen"</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which explosives were laid at various bridges and monuments (which later had to be de-mined<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Monde.fr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Monde.fr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).

</p><p>With the arrival of Allied troops on the edge of the city at dawn the next day on the 24th, Choltitz made the decision not to destroy the city, and on 25 August, surrendered the German garrison, not to the Supreme Allied Command, but rather to representatives of the provisional government, the <a href="Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Hitler's directive was not carried out, Choltitz is often seen as the "Saviour of Paris".<sup id="cite_ref-obit_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Hitler did not completely give up on the destruction, with the Luftwaffe conducting an incendiary bombing raid on 26 August, and V2 rockets fired from Belgium, causing extensive damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Monde.fr_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Monde.fr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The events leading up to the surrender were the subject of a 1951 memoir written by General von Choltitz (published in French in the 1960s as <i>From Sevastopol to Paris: A soldier among the soldiers</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) where he took credit for disobeying Hitler's orders and saving Paris because of its obvious military futility, his affection for the French capital's history and culture, and his belief that Hitler had by then become insane,<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his version of events were the basis for the <a href="Is_Paris_Burning%3F_(book)" title="Is Paris Burning? (book)">1965 book</a> and <a href="Is_Paris_Burning%3F_(film)" title="Is Paris Burning? (film)">1966 film, <i>Is Paris Burning?</i></a> (repeated as factual in many sources, and a 2019 publication<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). His motivation not to destroy the city may have been in part because it was a futile and destructive gesture, but also in order to ensure his better treatment after capitulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The memoirs also state that he was persuaded to spare the city in part by an all-night meeting with Nordling on the night of 24 August. This event was depicted in the 2014 film <i><a href="Diplomacy_(2014_film)" title="Diplomacy (2014 film)">Diplomacy</a></i> in which Nordling persuades Choltitz to spare the city in return for a pledge to protect his family, which was reported as factual following the publication of his memoirs in some newspaper stories,<sup id="cite_ref-news.google.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.google.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lacks any corroboration.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did hold several meetings with Nordling, along with the president of the municipal council, <a href="Pierre_Taittinger" title="Pierre Taittinger">Pierre Taittinger</a>, hoping to limit the bloodshed and damage to the city, and which led to the release of some political prisoners.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Captivity_and_later_life">Captivity and later life</h2></div>

<p>Choltitz was held for the remainder of the war at <a href="Trent_Park" title="Trent Park">Trent Park</a>, in north London, with other senior German officers. Choltitz later was transferred to <a href="Camp_Clinton" title="Camp Clinton">Camp Clinton</a> in <a href="Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. No specific charges were ever filed against him, and he was released from captivity in 1947. In 1956 he visited his wartime headquarters at the <a href="H%C3%B4tel_Meurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel Meurice">Hôtel Meurice</a> in Paris. Reportedly the long-time head barman of the hotel recognised the short, rotund man with "impossibly correct posture" wandering around the bar as if in a daze. After the manager of the hotel met him in the bar, he asked to see his old room. After seeing his old quarters for no more than fifteen minutes, Choltitz declined the manager's offer of champagne and left the hotel to meet with <a href="Pierre_Taittinger" title="Pierre Taittinger">Pierre Taittinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Choltitz died on 5 November 1966 from a longstanding war illness (pulmonary emphysema) in the city hospital of <a href="Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>. Four days later, he was buried at the city cemetery of Baden-Baden in the presence of high-ranking French officers, including colonels Wagner (Military Commander of Baden-Baden), Ravinel, and Omézon.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baden-Baden was the French headquarters in Germany after the end of the Second World War.

</p><p>Choltitz was the last German owner of the castle in <a href="%C5%81%C4%85ka_Prudnicka" title="Łąka Prudnicka">Łąka Prudnicka</a>, his birthplace (until 1945 it had been <a href="Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">part of Germany</a> as <i>Gräflich Wiese</i>). In 2016 his son, Timo, tried to get it back during his visit in <a href="Prudnik" title="Prudnik">Prudnik</a>, but without success.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complicity_in_war_crimes">Complicity in war crimes</h3></div>

<p>During his internment in Trent Park many of the officers' private conversations were secretly recorded by the British in the hope that they might reveal strategic information. In one such conversation, on 29 August 1944, Choltitz was quoted as saying "The worst job I ever carried out - which however I carried out with great consistency - was the liquidation of the Jews. I carried out this thoroughly and entirely."<sup id="cite_ref-Neitzel_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neitzel-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ganz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Randall_Hansen" title="Randall Hansen">Randall Hansen</a> says that there is a lack of corroboration but that since many German generals committed atrocities it is possible, even probable, that Choltitz ordered the massacre of Jews. He observed that "it is easier to believe that Choltitz was the sort of unreflective anti-Semite that one would expect, given his age, class and profession."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201475_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201475-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selected transcripts were dramatized in the <a href="History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a> 5-part series <i><a href="The_Wehrmacht" title="The Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></i> (2008). In the episode "The Crimes", General von Choltitz is quoted as saying in October 1944,

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We all share the guilt. We went along with everything, and we half-took the Nazis seriously, instead of saying "to Hell with you and your stupid nonsense". I misled my soldiers into believing this rubbish. I feel utterly ashamed of myself. Perhaps we bear even more guilt than these uneducated animals. (An apparent reference to Hitler and his supporting Nazi Party members.)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>At the very least, Choltitz was fully aware that the Nazis were committing mass murder against the Jews. For example, Choltitz estimated that the Nazis shot 36,000 Jews from Sevastopol.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehrer_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehrer-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li>1st Class (2)</li>

<li>2nd Class (2)</li>

<li><a href="Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (18 May 1940)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_Cross" title="German Cross">German Cross</a> (8 February 1942)</li>

<li><a href="Honour_Cross_of_the_World_War_1914/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918">Honour Cross of the World War</a> (WWI)</li>

<li><a href="Military_Order_of_St._Henry" title="Military Order of St. Henry">Order of St. Henry</a> (26 December 1917)</li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Order of the Star of Romania</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge">Wound Badge</a>

<ul><li>Silver (1918)</li>

<li>Gold (25 March 1943)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Infantry_Assault_Badge" title="Infantry Assault Badge">Infantry Assault Badge</a>, WWII</li>

<li><a href="Albert_Order" title="Albert Order">Albert Order</a>, Saxony</li>

<li><a href="Civil_Order_of_Saxony" title="Civil Order of Saxony">Civil Order of Saxony</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Order of Michael the Brave">Order of Michael the Brave</a>, Romania (6 October 1942)</li>

<li><a href="Sudetenland_Medal" title="Sudetenland Medal">Sudetenland Medal</a> (1938)</li>

<li><a href="Crimea_Shield" title="Crimea Shield">Crimea Shield</a> (July 1942)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Is_Paris_Burning%3F_(film)" title="Is Paris Burning? (film)">Is Paris Burning?</a></i>, a French-American <a href="Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">ensemble cast</a> production of 1966, with <a href="Gert_Fr%C3%B6be" title="Gert Fröbe">Gert Fröbe</a> playing Choltitz. (Choltitz died around the time this film was being generally released in Europe and America).</li>

<li><i><a href="Diplomacy_(2014_film)" title="Diplomacy (2014 film)">Diplomacy</a></i>, a French-German film of 2014 directed by <a href="Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a>, based on the play <i>Diplomatie</i> by Cyril Gely. Depicting events in his headquarters at the Hotel Meurice the night before the Liberation of Paris, <a href="Niels_Arestrup" title="Niels Arestrup">Niels Arestrup</a> portrays Choltitz.</li>

<li><i><a href="Secrets_of_the_Dead" title="Secrets of the Dead">Secrets of the Dead</a>: Bugging Hitler's Soldiers</i>, a <a href="PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> documentary which examines how <a href="MI19" title="MI19">MI19</a> spied on senior German prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Pod presją</i> (Under pressure): a Polish documentary directed in 2015 by Dagmara Spolniak.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Awards of the 1939 version of the Iron Cross to holders of the 1914 version are represented with a Clasp above the 1914 <a href="Clasp_to_the_Iron_Cross" title="Clasp to the Iron Cross">Cross</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Awarded as <i><a href="Oberstleutnant" title="Oberstleutnant">Oberstleutnant</a></i> and commander of III./Infanterie-Regiment 16. His Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was presented and is registered by the <a href="Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a><i>-</i>Personalamt<i> (LWA—Air Force Staff Office).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The </i><a href="Heerespersonalamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heerespersonalamt">Heerespersonalamt</a><i> (HPA—Army Staff Office) received Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross nomination for <a href="Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a></i> von Choltitz on 19 January 1943 for his leadership of the XVII. Armee-Korps. The HPA did not approve the nomination on 27 January 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.fr/20140825/nazi-general-didnt-save-paris-expert">"Nazi general didn't save Paris: historian"</a>. <i>thelocal.fr</i>. 25 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCholtitz" class="citation web cs1">Choltitz, Timo von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choltitz.de/textebilder/">"General der Infanterie Dietrich von Choltitz"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBorówka2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borówka, Tomasz (22 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dziennikzachodni.pl/slazak-dietrich-von-choltitz-z-wehrmachtu-ocalil-paryz-historia-dz/ar/926319">"Ślązak Dietrich von Choltitz z Wehrmachtu ocalił Paryż [HISTORIA DZ]"</a>. <i>Dziennik Zachodni</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niemyslowice.info/strona_23.html">"Zabytki Niemysłowic | Sołectwo Niemysłowice"</a>. <i>niemyslowice.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Samuel_W._Mitcham" title="Samuel W. Mitcham">Mitcham, Samuel W.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpLfa-OjX9EC&pg=PT135"><i>Defenders of Fortress Europe: The Untold Story of the German Officers During the Allied Invasion</i></a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 120. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781597972741</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic.de/Militar/Personen/Choltitz/Choltitz.htm">"Historic.de - Militärgeschichte - Bremen und Umland 1933-1945"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFbadische-zeitung.de" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">badische-zeitung.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anzeigen.badische-zeitung.de/trauer/traueranzeigen-und-nachrufe/maria-von-choltitz">"Maria von Choltitz - Trauer - Traueranzeigen & Nachrufe - badische-zeitung.de"</a>. <i>anzeigen.badische-zeitung.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valka.cz/Choltitz-Dietrich-von-t24728">"Choltitz, Dietrich von : C"</a>. <i>valka.cz</i> (in Czech). 8 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-day-paris-was-liberated-557704.html">"The day Paris was liberated"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 25 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-news.google.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.google.com_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.google.com_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Swede who 'Saved Paris' from the Germans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19580510&id=NTIaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BCYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5558,4996698"><i>The Milwaukee Journal</i> - May 10, 1958</a>. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-the-liberation-of-paris.htm">"World War II: The Liberation of Paris - HistoryNet"</a>. 12 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2008" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J. (22 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSjx9_dEe8kC"><i>Liberation of Paris 1944: Patton's Race for the Seine</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781846032462</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choltitz.de/bilderseiten/redentexte/truemmerfeldbefehl.htm">"Dietrich von Choltitz - Trümmerfeldbefehl"</a>. <i>choltitz.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Le_Monde.fr-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Monde.fr_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Monde.fr_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2019/01/06/detruire-paris-les-plans-secrets-d-hitler-paris-fut-bien-a-deux-doigts-de-bruler_5405721_1655027.html">"" Détruire Paris, les plans secrets d'Hitler " : Paris fut bien à deux doigts de brûler"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i> (in French). 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-obit-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obit_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Gen. Dietrich von Choltitz Dies; 'Savior of Paris' in '44 was 71". <i>The New York Times</i>. 6 November 1966. p. 88.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/paris-liberated">"Paris liberated - Aug 25, 1944 - HISTORY.com"</a>. 21 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Général von Choltitz. De Sébastopol à Paris : Un soldat parmi les soldats. eSoldat unter Soldatene. Préface de Pierre Taittinger. Traduit de l'allemand par A.-M. Bécourt, Martin Briem, Klaus Diel, Pierre Michel</i>. Éditions J'ai lu. 1969.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-telegraph-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall, C. (24 August 2004). General 'spared Paris by disobeying Fuhrer'. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1470087/General-spared-Paris-by-disobeying-Fuhrer.html">telegraph.co.uk archive</a>. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/on-hitlers-last-desperate-plan-to-destroy-paris/">"On Hitler's Last Desperate Plan to Destroy Paris"</a>. <i>Literary Hub</i>. 30 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBuruma2014" class="citation news cs1">Buruma, Ian (14 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/oct/15/argument-saved-paris/">"The Argument That Saved Paris"</a>. The New York Review of Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrey2014" class="citation news cs1">Grey, Tobias (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/diplomacy-details-how-paris-was-saved-in-world-war-ii-1412784184">"'Diplomacy' Details How Paris Was Saved in World War II"</a>. The Wall Street Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKladstrup2002" class="citation book cs1">Kladstrup, Don (2002). <i>Wine and War: The French, the Nazis, and the Battle for France's Greatest Treasure</i>. Broadway Books. p. 275. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780767904483</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStrauchmann2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strauchmann, Krzysztof (22 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nto.pl/syn-generala-von-choltitza-przyjezdza-opowiedziec-o-swoim-ojcu-obroncy-paryza/ar/10137788">"Syn generała von Choltitza przyjeżdża opowiedzieć o swoim ojcu, obrońcy Paryża"</a>. <i>Nowa Trybuna Opolska</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Neitzel-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neitzel_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="S%C3%B6nke_Neitzel" title="Sönke Neitzel">Neitzel, Sonke</a> ed.; <i>Tapping Hitler's Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations, 1942-1945</i>, London: Frontline, 2007</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ganz-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ganz_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Listening to the Generals, Adam Ganz, Radio Play BBC Radio 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00jn0q6">http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00jn0q6</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201475-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201475_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2014">Hansen 2014</a>, p. 75.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the original words were: "Ich habe meine Soldaten verführt, an diesen Mist zu glauben, habe die Bevölkerung, die das Offizierskorps noch als etwas Würdiges sah, veranlasst, auch ohne Überlegung mitzumachen. Ich fühle mich auf das <i>Äußerste</i> beschämt! Vielleicht sind wir viel mehr schuld als dieses ungebildete Viehzeugs, was ja sowieso sein ganzes Leben lang nichts anderes hört." Quoted by <a href="S%C3%B6nke_Neitzel" title="Sönke Neitzel">Sönke Neitzel</a> (2005): <i>Abgehört. Deutsche Generäle in britischer Kriegsgefangenschaft 1942-1945</i>, p. 54</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lehrer-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lehrer_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLehrer,_Steven2013" class="citation book cs1">Lehrer, Steven (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWzAAAAAQBAJ&q=choltitz+sebastopol&pg=PA10"><i>Wartime Sites in Paris: 1939-1945</i></a>. New York: SF Tafel Publishers. p. 30. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781492292920</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas & Wegmann 1998, p. 39.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas & Wegmann 1998, p. 40.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/bugging-hitlers-soldiers-about-this-episode/924/">"Bugging Hitler's Soldiers - Preview - Secrets of the Dead - PBS"</a>. <i><a href="PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. 29 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCollinsLapierre1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Larry_Collins_(writer)" title="Larry Collins (writer)">Collins, Larry</a>; <a href="Dominique_Lapierre" title="Dominique Lapierre">Lapierre, Dominique</a> (1991) [1965 <a href="Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4a8zQEACAAJ"><i>Is Paris Burning?</i></a>. <a href="Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Grand Central Publishing</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-446-39225-9</bdi>.</cite> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isparisburning00larr">here</a> at <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBlumenson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Martin_Blumenson" title="Martin Blumenson">Blumenson, Martin</a> (2005) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvhoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Breakout and Pursuit</i></a>. United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations. Washington: <a href="United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">Center of Military History</a>, U.S. Army.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCitino2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_M._Citino" title="Robert M. Citino">Citino, Robert M.</a> (2020) [2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGClEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Wehrmacht's Last Stand: The German Campaigns of 1944–1945</i></a>. <a href="University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7006-3038-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSciolino2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Elaine_Sciolino" title="Elaine Sciolino">Sciolino, Elaine</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_uKDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Seine: The River that Made Paris</i></a>. <a href="W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-393-60936-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QObsDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Liberation of Paris: How Eisenhower, de Gaulle, and von Choltitz Saved the City of Light</i></a>. <a href="Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5011-6493-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCholtitz2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Choltitz, Dietrich von (2014) [1950]. Choltitz, Timo von (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yj24oQEACAAJ"><i>--- brennt paris? adolf hitler ---: Tatsachenbericht des letzten deutschen Befehlshabers in Paris</i></a> (in German). R. G. Fischer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-8301-9778-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFellgiebel2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. <i>Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile</i> [<i>The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches</i>] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-7909-0284-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHansen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Randall_Hansen" title="Randall Hansen">Hansen, Randall</a> (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disobeyinghitler0000hans"><i>Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance After Valkyrie</i></a></span>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780199927920</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPatzwallScherzer2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). <i>Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II</i> [<i>The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2</i>] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-931533-45-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFScherzer2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scherzer, Veit (2007). <i>Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives</i> [<i>The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives</i>] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-938845-17-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThomasWegmann1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas, Franz; Wegmann, Günter (1998). <i>Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil III: Infanterie Band 4: C–Dow</i> [<i>The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Part III: Infantry Volume 4: C–Dow</i>] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-7648-2534-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHull2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hull, Michael D. (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/leclerc-and-liberation/">"Leclerc and Liberation"</a>. <i>Warfare History Network</i>. <b>10</b> (5)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Knight&#039;s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_recipients_of_the_22nd_Air_Landing_Division879" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Knight&#039;s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_recipients_of_the_22nd_Air_Landing_Division879" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> recipients of the <a href="22nd_Air_Landing_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Air Landing Division (Wehrmacht)">22nd Air Landing Division</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Werner_Ehrig" title="Werner Ehrig">Werner Ehrig</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Graf_von_Sponeck" title="Hans Graf von Sponeck">Hans Graf von Sponeck</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Wolff_(general)" title="Ludwig Wolff (general)">Ludwig Wolff</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <small>(Oak Leaves)</small></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Kurt_Heyser" title="Kurt Heyser">Kurt Heyser</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Kreysing" title="Hans Kreysing">Hans Kreysing</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <small>(Oak Leaves & Swords)</small></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Knight's Cross with the <a href="56th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="56th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">56th Infantry Division</a>. <sup><small>2</small></sup> Oak Leaves with the <a href="3rd_Mountain_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)">3rd Mountain Division</a>, Swords with the XVII. Armeekorps</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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